The UK prime minister has a number of potential tricks up his sleeve.
ADVERTISEMENTBritish Prime Minister Boris Johnson has said he will refuse to seek a delay to Brexit, raising the prospect that he could try to exploit a loophole to bypass a law aimed at preventing the country leaving the European Union without a deal.
Johnson has made what appear to be two contradictory statements: he will obey the law, but will not request an extension to Britain's scheduled October 31 exit. His most senior adviser Dominic Cummings said there are loopholes in the law because lawyers are debating them.
Under the so-called Benn Act, if by October 19 the government has not won parliamentary approval for a divorce deal with Brussels or for leaving the EU without a deal, Johnson must request a delay until January 31, 2020. The act even gives a text of the letter he must send.
So how could Johnson avoid a Brexit delay?
The Double Cross
Jolyon Maugham, a lawyer who is part of the legal team which defeated the government over its decision to suspend parliament, said a weakness of the law is that if a divorce deal is approved by parliament on, or prior to, October 19, the obligation to request an extension will cease.
However, Maugham says further preconditions need to be met before the divorce deal can be ratified and no-deal avoided. In particular, a separate law implementing the withdrawal agreement needs to be approved by parliament by October 31.
He said there could be a scenario where lawmakers pass the divorce deal on or before October 19, and therefore Johnson is not required to write the letter, but then the subsequent legislation gets blocked in parliament and Britain leaves without a deal.
Suspend the law
Former Prime Minister John Major said Johnson may bypass the law by issuing an order to suspend it until after the scheduled date of departure.
Major said a so-called Order of Council could be passed by ministers without the involvement of parliament or the queen. He said this tactic would be "a piece of political chicanery that no one should ever forgive or forget".
Johnson's spokesman, asked about using such powers, said: "I don't recognise that at all."
Get the EU to reject the deal
The British government could comply with the letter of the law but not the spirit of it, by requesting an extension but seeking to get the EU to reject it.
It could do this in a number of ways:
Send a second letter
The law sets out the wording of the letter the prime minister has to send to Brussels to request the delay. British media have reported he was considering sending a second letter making clear the government does not actually want a delay.
Legal experts have said any second letter is likely to be considered unlawful, however.
Veto the extension
Any extension has to be agreed by all EU member states. Some lawmakers have suggested Britain could seek to veto its own extension request. Or persuade a country friendly to Britain, like Hungary, to veto it.
Threaten sabotage
ADVERTISEMENTThe Daily Telegraph newspaper quoted a source in Johnson's office saying Britain would make clear it would sabotage any request for delay and then the delay itself.
Britain could cause havoc to EU business during the delay, for example by vetoing key decisions.
"Once people realise our plans, there is a good chance we won't be offered a delay," the source was quoted as saying.
Two conflicting laws
While the Benn Act requires Johnson to seek an extension to Brexit if parliament has not approved either a deal or leaving without a deal by October 19, a different law, the European Union Withdrawal Act, states Britain will leave the EU on October 31. It is not clear which of these laws takes precedence.
Pro-Brexit Conservative lawmaker Bill Cash pointed to this in parliament on Thursday saying: "There is an apparent inconsistency between that (Benn) Act and the Withdrawal Act... the reality is compliance is not just a simple question. It is a matter of grave importance in terms of which law is the law of the land."
ADVERTISEMENTThe government has repeatedly said only that it will comply with "the law", without specifying which one. It may try and argue that it is following the law by taking Britain out on October.
Ignore the law
Former Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith has urged Johnson to ignore the law and said he would be a Brexit "martyr".
If this happened, Johnson could be found in contempt of court and risks being jailed.
Anti-Brexit campaigners have filed a legal challenge in Scotland in an effort to compel Johnson to seek an extension to membership of the EU.
The case is being fronted by Maugham, who said this week the case could end up before the Supreme Court in mid-October.
ADVERTISEMENTMaugham said that if Johnson refuses to seek an extension they would ask the court to make the extension application on the prime minister's behalf.
Another loophole?
It is possible the government could have identified another unknown loophole. Questioned about the delay law in parliament on Thursday, Junior Brexit minister James Duddridge said it was "not perfect".
He specifically cited an amendment to the law, put forward by opposition Labour lawmaker Stephen Kinnock, which sets out that a delay should be used to debate and approve a Brexit deal based largely on the agreement reached by Johnson's predecessor Theresa May.
"The Kinnock amendment that was passed, the government believes does have deficiencies and its effect is unclear," he said.
Asked whether he thought the law requires the prime minister to write a letter requesting an extension, he said "The government will take legal advice on this."
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