The parade took place against a tense political backdrop, after Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez called a snap general election for 29 November.
Ceuta made its presence felt at Spain's National Day parade without a single one of its soldiers setting foot on Madrid's Paseo del Prado.
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No troops from the autonomous city took part this year, as the Spanish Ministry of Defence has kept its forces deployed there following the crisis that erupted in July, when tens of thousands of migrants crossed into the territory from Morocco.
King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia, who presided over the ceremony in Madrid, will travel to Ceuta on Tuesday.
The parade took place against a tense political backdrop, after Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez called an early general election for 29 November.
Sánchez arrived at the parade with parliament dissolved and was met with jeers from people gathered in the streets.
Under clear skies, 82 aircraft took part in an aerial display as part of the day's events, led by two F/A-18 jets.
On the ground, the army’s 8x8 Dragón armoured vehicles took centre stage for the first time. Marine Corps vehicles equipped with the Aracne anti-drone system also made their debut, along with two Asturcón drones from the Military Emergencies Unit - a clear sign of where the Spanish Defence Ministry is looking to invest.
A total of 3,850 men and 530 women took part in the parade.
The King and Queen then hosted a reception at the Royal Palace to mark the end of the National Day celebrations.