By Richard Valdmanis and Tim Cocks
SHARM EL-SHEIKH, Egypt - On any morning at the COP27 climate conference, you can expect a gauntlet of anti-meat protesters wearing pig and cow costumes, holding banners decrying the carbon footprint of livestock, and chanting slogans like "Let's be vegan, let's be free."
Activist groups and corporate startups have descended on the two-week climate summit in Egypt to heap pressure on the hundreds of global policy makers there over the world's love affair with meat and its role in warming.
Their demands range from lowering meat consumption to policies as seemingly outlandish as transitioning to cell-based meat grown in steel vats, which could eliminate the need for feed crops, ranch land and slaughterhouses.
Cows, sheep, pigs and other livestock are responsible for about 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to a peer-reviewed assessment led by researchers at the University of Illinois and published last year.
And researchers fear the impact may be greater, after recent efforts to measure emissions at individual U.S. farms - by, say, flying a methane-detecting plane over them – showed them churning out much more than estimated.
"We seem to be wildly off. Virtually every time these ... measurements are conducted they disagree with (official data)," said Matthew Hayek, a researcher at New York University.
Realising they can no longer ignore the role of food production in warming, negotiators from nearly 200 countries at COP27 are holding discussions focused on it for the first timein the U.N. summit's nearly three-decade history.
Yet reducing meat and dairy output is not yet on the agenda for governments, many of which give billions of dollars to livestock farmers in subsidies. Instead, they are advancing policies to reduce the emissions that livestock make, including with feed additives that reduce the gas livestock emit, and cutting or capturing the methane wafting off manure heaps.
Activists aren't buying it.
"This can never be the way to net zero," said Max Weiss, a campaigner at the Plant Based Treaty, a global activist group promoting a meat-free diet. "We have to move away from animal production."
Climate scientists are also skeptical that industry-preferred measures will go far enough. Andy Reisinger, a farm emissions specialist who is a vice-chair of the U.N.'s IPCC climate panel, said feed additives would promote the type of intensive farming driving emissions.
"It would result in more intensive livestock production that would require larger areas of land to produce the animal feed, putting pressure on forest land," Reisinger told Reuters.
THE OTHER WHITE MEAT
Campaigners have even protested the food kiosks at the summit selling burgers and chicken - foods they say don't belong at a climate conference.
"When you enter the conference, you have the scent of grilled animal meat in your nose. Which is dystopian to me," Weiss said.
Not everyone minds the smell of barbecue, though, and several companies want to commercialize an emerging technology to grow meat in steel vats using microbial fermentation.
The hope is to be able to provide steaks, chicken breasts and pork without the downsides of traditional animal agriculture.
"We think people want to eat meat," said Josh Tetrick, the CEO of GOOD Meat, who was serving up his company’s cell-based chicken during an event on COP27's sidelines.
"We're just trying to figure out a more climate friendly way of giving them what they want."
Tetrick's company already sells small amounts of “cultivated chicken” to restaurants in Singapore and is investing in production capacity in the United States in a bet regulators will approve its sale there.
While the taste and texture are nearly identical to chicken, the financial cost is about 10 times higher. “We need to fix that,” Tetrick said.
Helena Wright, Policy Director at the FAIRR Initiative, an investor network focused on sustainable agriculture, said she was encouraged by the focus on food at COP27.
“The conversation has started. And regardless of whether governments act, the market is already shifting,” she said.