By William Schomberg and David Milliken
LONDON (Reuters) - The Bank of England pushed interest rates above their financial crisis lows on Thursday, but signalled it was in no hurry to raise them further as Brexit approaches with no clear outline of Britain's future relationship with the European Union.
The BoE's nine rate-setters were unexpectedly unanimous in their vote to raise rates to 0.75 from 0.50 percent, the level at which they have spent most of the past decade apart from 15 months after the 2016 Brexit vote when they were cut even lower.
Economists polled by Reuters had mostly expected a 7-2 vote in favour of a hike.
The BoE said that while growth had slowed ahead of Britain's departure from the EU in March 2019, the country's economy was operating at almost its "speed limit," or full capacity, raising the prospect of more home-grown inflation pressure ahead.
But the message for borrowing costs remained one of gradual and limited increases as the central bank saw inflation only a fraction above its 2 percent target over the next few years.
BoE Governor Mark Carney, explaining a new estimate by the central bank of neutral interest rates for Britain's economy, stressed the gradual path for rising rates ahead.
"Policy needs to walk -- not run -- to stand still," he said.
Sterling rose modestly against the dollar immediately after the BoE's announcement of a 9-0 vote to raise rates but turned around and hit its lowest levels of the day after Carney's comment.
The BoE said its forecasts were based on bets by investors who expect another rate hike only in late 2019 or early 2020, with Bank Rate creeping up to 1.1 percent in late 2020. That was a fraction lower than a projection of rates of 1.2 percent the last time the BoE published forecasts for the economy in May.
"The economy has done just about enough for the Bank of England to justify a hike today. But no one should get too excited about this being a sign of things to come," said Luke Bartholomew, an investment strategist at Aberdeen Standard Investments.
"It is almost unthinkable that the Bank of England will follow up with further rate rises in the next few months given the risks on the horizon."
The world's fifth-biggest economy has slowed since the referendum decision to leave the EU.
With less than eight months until Brexit, London and Brussels -- as well as key members of Prime Minister Theresa May's Conservative Party -- remain far apart on what their future trading relationship should look like.
The BoE said the economy "could be influenced significantly by the response of households, businesses and financial markets" to news on Brexit.
But the central bank continued to stress that Britain's economy was at risk of too much inflation even with slow growth.
The central bank said inflation in two years' time was likely to be 2.09 percent, above the BoE's 2 percent target.
It expected Britain's economy would grow by 1.4 percent this year, unchanged from its forecast in May, but it nudged up its 2019 forecast to 1.8 percent from 1.7 percent.
ADVERTISEMENTWages were likely to be growing by an annual 2.5 percent at the end of this year, a bit slower than forecast in May, before picking up to 3.25 percent in 2019, unchanged from before.
U-TURN RISK
Several private-sector economists have challenged the BoE's view that inflation pressures are building and say raising rates now only risks a U-turn by the central bank if Britain fails to get a Brexit deal.
Carney has said that, in that event, all bets on future BoE rate hikes would be off.
ADVERTISEMENTSome investors think the risk of a global trade war is another reason for caution.
In its statement on Thursday, the central bank said it saw "tentative signs that actual and prospective protectionist policies were starting to have an adverse impact" on global trade.
It also fleshed out its thinking on how far it is likely to go with its planned rate hikes by publishing a new long-term forecast for what it called Britain's trend real interest rate, or "R*", of zero to 1 percent, more than 2 percentage points below its pre-financial crisis level.
Adjusted for the BoE's inflation target, this would imply Bank Rate of 2-3 percent to keep growth and inflation rates stable when the economy is running at full capacity.
In the shorter term, the Bank Rate implied by a so-called equilibrium real interest rate, or "r*", was likely to be somewhat lower, the BoE said but it did not give an estimate.
ADVERTISEMENTCarney said the estimates should not be considered as a target for BoE policy but added r* was likely to rise slowly.
(Editing by Catherine Evans and John Stonestreet)
