Three years on, what caused the COVID pandemic is still officially a mystery.
ADVERTISEMENTEver since the COVID-19 pandemic started, a crucial question has eluded governments and health agencies around the world: Did the virus originate in animals or leak from a Chinese lab?
Now, the US Department of Energy has assessed with “low confidence” that it began with a lab leak, according to a person familiar with the report who wasn’t authorised to discuss it. The report has not been made public.
But others in the US intelligence community disagree.
“There is not a consensus right now in the US government about exactly how COVID started,” John Kirby, the spokesman for the National Security Council, said on Monday. “There is just not an intelligence community consensus”.
Earlier this month, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it would continue pushing until it found an answer to how the pandemic started, saying that politics had hampered progress and that more cooperation was needed from China, where cases of the novel coronavirus were first reported in late 2019.
The DOE's conclusion was first reported over the weekend in the Wall Street Journal, which said the classified report was based on new intelligence and noted in an update to a 2021 document. The DOE oversees a national network of labs.
White House officials on Monday declined to confirm press reports about the assessment.
In 2021, officials released an intelligence report summary that said four members of the US intelligence community believed with low confidence that the virus was first transmitted from an animal to a human, and a fifth believed with moderate confidence that the first human infection was linked to a lab.
While some scientists are open to the lab-leak theory, others continue to believe the virus came from animals, mutated, and jumped into people - as has happened in the past with viruses. Experts say the true origin of the pandemic may not be known for many years - if ever.
Calls for further investigation
The US Office of the Director of National Intelligence declined to comment on the report. All 18 offices of the US intelligence community had access to the information the DOE used in reaching its assessment.
Alina Chan, a molecular biologist at the Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, said she isn’t sure what new intelligence the agencies had, but “it’s reasonable to infer” it relates to activities at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China.
She said a 2018 research proposal co-authored by scientists there and their US collaborators “essentially described a blueprint for COVID-like viruses”.
“Less than two years later, such a virus was causing an outbreak in the city,” she said.
The Wuhan institute had been studying coronaviruses for years, in part because of widespread concerns - tracing back to SARS - that coronaviruses could be the source of the next pandemic.
No intelligence agency has said they believe the coronavirus that caused COVID-19 was released intentionally. The unclassified 2021 summary was clear on this point, saying: “We judge the virus was not developed as a biological weapon”.
“Lab accidents happen at a surprising frequency. A lot of people don’t really hear about lab accidents because they're not talked about publicly,” said Chan, who co-authored a book about the search for COVID-19 origins. Such accidents "underscore a need to make work with highly dangerous pathogens more transparent and more accountable”.
Last year, the WHO recommended a deeper probe into a possible lab accident. Chan said she hopes the latest report sparks more investigation in the United States.
China has called the suggestion that COVID-19 came from a Chinese laboratory “ baseless”.
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The animal origin theory
Many scientists believe the animal-to-human theory of the coronavirus remains much more plausible. They theorise it emerged in the wild and jumped from bats to humans, either directly or through another animal.
In a 2021 research paper in the journal Cell, scientists said the COVID-19 virus is the ninth documented coronavirus to infect humans - and all the previous ones originated in animals.
Two studies, published last year by the journal Science, bolstered the animal origin theory. That research found that the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was likely the early epicentre. Scientists concluded that the virus likely spilled from animals into people two separate times.
“The scientific literature contains essentially nothing but original research articles that support a natural origin of this virus pandemic," said Michael Worobey, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Arizona who has extensively studied the origins of COVID-19.
He said the fact that others in the intelligence community looked at the same information as the DOE and “it apparently didn't move the needle speaks volumes”. He said he takes such intelligence assessments with a grain of salt because he doesn't think the people making them “have the scientific expertise ... to really understand the most important evidence that they need to understand”.
ADVERTISEMENTThe US should be more transparent and release the new intelligence that apparently swayed the DOE, Worobey said.
WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said this month there were two reasons for not abandoning the origins search: one was scientific, the other one moral.
"We need to know how this [pandemic] started in order to prevent the next one," he said.
"Millions of people lost their lives, and many suffered, and the whole world was taken hostage by a virus," he added. "It's morally very important to know how we lost our loved ones".
What’s been the reaction to this US report?
The DOE conclusion comes to light as US House Republicans have been using their new majority power to investigate all aspects of the pandemic, including the origin, as well as what they contend were officials’ efforts to conceal the fact that it leaked from a lab in Wuhan.
ADVERTISEMENTEarlier this month, Republicans sent letters to Dr Anthony Fauci, National Intelligence Director Avril Haines, Health Secretary Xavier Beccera and others as part of their investigative efforts.
The now-retired Fauci, who served as the country’s top infectious disease expert under both Republican and Democratic presidents, has called the GOP criticism nonsense.
Rep. Mike McCaul, R-Texas, chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, has asked the Biden administration to provide Congress with “a full and thorough” briefing on the report and the evidence behind it.
Kirby, the National Security Council spokesman, emphasised that President Joe Biden believes it's important to know what happened "so we can better prevent future pandemics” but that such research “must be done in a safe and secure manner and as transparent as possible to the rest of the world”.
